IR35 Court Cases: History of all cases and references to judgments

Interested in the IR35 court cases? We list every single one here.

The Intermediaries Legislation is Chapter 8 of ITEPA, enacted in April 2000. This is commonly referred to as “IR35”, but confusingly “IR35 status” is also used to refer to whether someone is considered a “deemed employee” based on applying employment status case law.

Under Chapter 8, the contractor must assess their IR35 status. If they consider the IR35 rules apply to them (inside IR35) then they have to treat their income as if it was the entire cost (including employers NI) of them being hired. This is different to the new off-payroll tax - see later.

The dividend tax changes in April 2016 now mean that a contractor pays roughly the same amount of tax on their income as an employee does on their salary. The vast bulk of perceived avoided tax is avoided by the hirer. About 84% of it. This is why the Off-payroll tax (Chapter 10 of ITEPA, live from April 2017 in the public sector and live from April 2021 in the private sector) is different.

With the Off-payroll tax, there is the concept of a “fee payer”: This is the agency if there is one. Otherwise it is the client. The client must assess the IR35 status of the contractor. The "deemed employer" must then pay over all the taxes if they are inside IR35 by treating the contractors earnings as salary. An agency become the deemed employer if a valid SDS is passed from the client to the worker. Employers NI must be paid on top of the contractors earnings (which is called the “Deemed Direct Payment”). Then, just like salary, PAYE and employees NI is deducted from the contractors earnings. If the contractor is wrongly processed as outside IR35, then the deemed employer is liable for the tax, not the contractor.

The IR35 court case history

In the early days of IR35 HMRC attempted to classify many contractors, particularly in IT, as "deemed employees", but they had very little success. In over a thousand cases HMRC gave up the fight before reaching court.

In the last 28 case decisions, since April 2009 they have only fully won 11.5 cases out of 28 - just a 41% win rate. Two cases have been split decisions, and contractors have won the other 16.5.

HMRC's win in Feb 2018 against Christa Ackroyd was the first case they had won in 9 years, since the Larkstar Data case. Since then they lost the case against Lorraine Kelly, where the judge said it was not a borderline case, and they lost against another presenter, Kaye Adams, because she was in business on her own account (confirmed at UTT in Feb 2021 - although the case went to the Court of Appeal and then back to the FTT again - she still won). Then came a split case with a urologist, followed by another loss against a presenter. HMRC finally won against three BBC presenters in September 2019, This was short lived, becase they then lost to an IT contractor again, with a similar case to Jensel, and then another presenter in Oct 2019. Then HMRC won again against an IT contractor in 2019 and two more presenters in Feb 2020 in Oct 2021. In Feb 2022 HMRC lost the case for Basic Broadcasting Limited, because Adrian Chiles was considered in business on his own account - HMRC appealed the case which got remitted to FTT (decision pending). Following that, at the Court of Appeal, HMRC overturned the decision of the UTT in Kickabout Productions Limited, but failed to do so for the Atholl House case. A series of cases related to taxpayers working at Sky TV have had mixed outcomes, with HMRC winning McCann Media Limited, and Alan Parry Productions Limited, but failing with S & L Barnes Limited. In March 2023 HMRC also lost the case against Gary Lineker Limited.

HMRC’s Litigation and Settlement Strategy (LSS) states (Page 7) "where HMRC believes that it is unlikely to succeed in litigation it will, in the majority of cases, concede the issue". If HMRC are not litigating in a reasonable manner they should be winning at least half of cases. In more recent times this does not appear to be the case. They are only fully winning 41% of them.

List of IR35 court case decisions